The leaves sometimes have round galls on the lower surface. The flowers of H. lucida are tubular, deep orange in colour, borne in clusters on old wood, sometimes from axils of leaves. The fruits are round berries, fleshy, topped with wispy hairs, green to black when ripe.⁵ Halleria lucida has been recorded in inland and coastal areas on rocky outcrops in bushland, woodland, evergreen forest, the afromontane belt, forest margins, in forested gorges or along rivers, streams, kloofs and ecotone zones at an altitude ranging from 20 m to 2225 m above sea level.⁶ Halleria lucida has been recorded in Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia and Zimbabwe at an altitude ranging from 20 m to 2700 m above sea level.^6,8,11-21

Halleria lucida is widely used as traditional medicine in southern Africa with the leaves and stems of the species sold as herbal medicines in the informal markets of Guateng province in South Africa.²² The fruits of H. lucida are edible with a sickly-sweet taste, popular with children and can be stored for a reasonably long period when ripe, and therefore, can be categorized as famine food.^{1,2,5,10,23-37} The fruits of H. lucida are also eaten by birds while leaves are browsed by stock and game.^1,5,10,29,32 Halleria lucida is usually grown as an ornamental plant^2,34,38-42 mainly because it is evergreen, fast growing, drought resistant, hardy to frost, has sweet smelling flowers and its berries attract birds³⁸ In domestic gardens, H. lucida provides shade, or the species can be planted in shade as an under-storey plant, as an informal hedge or can be planted in a large container.⁴² It is therefore, within this context that the current study was undertaken aimed at reviewing the medicinal uses and pharmacological properties of H. lucida.

Table 1: Medicinal uses of Halleria lucida

Medicinal use	Parts used	Country	References
Blood pressure	Leaves	Tanzania	[51]
Earache	Leaves and roots	Eswatini and South Africa	[2,5,10,27,29,42-44,46-50,54,60]
Evil eye	Roots	Ethiopia	[55,61]
Protective charm against evil spirits	Leaves and stems	Eswatini and South Africa	[1,2,23,24,26,29,30,33,36,42-46,50,52,53]
Scabies	Leaves	South Africa	[59]
Skin complaints	Leaves and stems	Eswatini and South Africa	[2,29,45,46,48-50,54,56-58,60,62,63]

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Results of the current study are based on literature search on pharmacological properties and medicinal applications of H. lucida using information derived from several internet sources which include Scopus, Elsevier, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, BMC and Web of Science. Other sources of information such as pre-electronic sources which included journal articles, theses, book chapters, books and other scientific publications were obtained from the University library. The keywords used in the search included “Halleria lucida”, the synonyms of the species “H. abyssinica” and “Hallia elliptica”, English common names “notsung”, “tree fuchsia”, “white olive” and “wild fuchsia”. The other searches carried out used the keywords “biological properties + H. lucida”, “ethnobotany + H. lucida”, “ethnomedicinal uses + H. lucida”, “ethnopharmacological properties + H. lucida”, “indigenous knowledge + H. lucida”, “medicinal uses +

H. lucida”, “pharmacological properties + H. lucida”, “phyochemistry + H. lucida” and “traditional uses + H. lucida”.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The leaf, root and stem infusions of H. lucida are used as a protective charm or as herbal medicine for blood pressure, earache, evil eye, scabies and skin complaints^{1,2,5,10,23-36,42-63} (Table 1, Figure 2).

Halleria lucida is widely used as a protective charm against evil in Eswatini and South Africa.1,2,23,24,26,29,30,33,36,42-46,50,52,53 The leaves and stems are burnt when offering sacrifices are made to the ancestral spirits with H. lucida trees set alight each year, the ashes mixed with crocodile fat and this mixture smeared onto cuttings of Rhamnus prinoides L'Hér. which are then driven into the ground around the village to protect the community from wizardry and lightning.^42,45,46

Messana et al.⁴⁴ identified the compounds cyclohexadienone and cyclohexanone named hallerone and halleridone, respectively, from the leaves of H. lucida. Abdullahi et al.⁶⁴ identified acteoside, rutin, luteolin-5-0-glucoside, 4-hydroxy-4-(2'-hydroxyethyl) cyclohexanone and hemiketalic tautomer from the leaves of H. lucida while the stems yielded 1.4-cyclohexandiol, a trans-1-(2'-hydroxyethyl) cyclohexan-1,4-diol and the cis isomer rengyol. Frum⁴⁸ and Frum et al.⁴⁹ identified luteolin-5-O-β-D-glucoside and verbascoside from the leaves of H. lucida. Similarly, Adedapo et al.⁵⁰ identified flavonols, flavonoids, polyphenols and proanthocyanidins from the leaves and stems of H. lucida. Some of the medicinal properties of H. lucida could be attributed to some of these phytochemical compounds that have been identified from the different plant parts of the species. Previous research revealed that some of these phytochemical compounds may be responsible for the biological activities of the species.^65-74

Frum⁴⁸ evaluated the antioxidant activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaves and roots of H. lucida using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay with ascorbic acid as the positive control. The methanol extracts of leaves and roots exhibited activities with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 8.5 ppm and 14.9ppm, respectively⁴⁸. Frum et al.⁴⁹ also evaluated the antioxidant activities of methanol leaf extracts of H. lucida and the compounds luteolin-5-O-β-D-glucoside and verbascoside isolated from the species using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay with ascorbic acid as the positive control. Both the extract and the compounds exhibited activities with IC50 values ranging from 6.1μg/ml to 8.5μg/ml. Frum⁴⁸ and Frum et al.⁴⁹ also evaluated the synergistic, antagonistic or additive interaction between the two isolated compounds luteolin- 5-O-β-D-glucoside and verbascoside isolated from H. lucida using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The compounds exhibited concentration-dependent additive and antagonistic interactions.^48,49 Adedapo et al.⁵⁰ evaluated the antioxidant activities of methanol extract of the leaves and stems of H. lucida using the (DPPH) free radical scavenging and 2,2'-azinobis-3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay with catechin, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbic acid and quercetin as positive controls. The reducing ability of the stem extracts (1008.8μm Fe(II)/g) was higher than that of the leaf extracts (208.8 μm Fe(II)/g). The extracts exhibited the DPPH radical scavenging abilities ranging from 76.3% to 94.9% which were less than those of ascorbic acid (100%) and BHT (98.3%). The extracts were effective scavengers of the ABTS radical exhibiting percentage inhibition of 98.8% to 100% in comparison to 99.3% exhibited by the BHT.⁵⁰ Makhafola et al.⁷⁵ evaluated the antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of the leaves of H. lucida using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay with ascorbic acid as the positive control. The extract exhibited activities with half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of 2.0µg/ml, which was lower than EC50 value of 2.3µg/mL exhibited by ascorbic acid, the positive control.⁷⁵

Adedapo et al.⁵⁰ evaluated the antibacterial activities of methanol extract of the leaves and stems of H. lucida against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus epidermidis using the microtitre plate dilution technique. The leaf extract did not show activity against any of the tested pathogens but the stem extract exhibited activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1.0 mg/ml against the tested pathogens.⁵⁰ Mabona⁵⁶ and Mabona et al.⁵⁸ evaluated the antibacterial activities of aqueous and dichlomethane : methanol (1:1) extracts of leaves and stems of H. lucida using the microtitre plate dilution technique against dermatologically relevant pathogens such as Brevibacillus agri ATCC 51663, Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 11827, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27858, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300, gentamycin – methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (GMRSA) ATCC 33592 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 2223 with ciprofloxacin as the positive control. The extracts showed activities with MIC values ranging from 0.3 mg/ml to 16.0mg/ml in comparison to MIC values of 0.3μg/ml to 1.3μg/ml exhibited by the positive control.^56,58 Similarly, Mabona⁵⁶ and Mabona et al.⁵⁸ evaluated antifungal activities of aqueous and dichlomethane : methanol (1:1) extracts of leaves and stems of H. lucida using the microtitre plate dilution technique against dermatologically relevant pathogens such as Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Microsporum canis ATCC 36299 and Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 9533 with amphotericin B as the positive control. The extracts showed activities with MIC values ranging from 1.0mg/ml to >16.0mg/ml in comparison to MIC value of 1.3μg/ml to 25.0μg/ml exhibited by the positive control.^56,58

Sunmonu and Van Staden⁷⁶ evaluated the phytotoxic activities of aqueous leaf extracts of H. lucida at 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% concentrations on lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L.) in a laboratory bioassay. The extract inhibited germination, chlorophyll accumulation and growth indices of plumule and radicle lengths of Lactuca sativa [66]. Makhafola et al. [65] evaluated the mutagenicity activities of methanolic extract of the leaves of H. lucida using the Ames test against Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. The extract exhibited mutagenic activities in TA98.⁷⁶

CONCLUSION:

The present review summarizes the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of H. lucida. Although H. lucida has been the subject of phytochemical and pharmacological research, there is not yet enough data correlating the ethnomedicinal uses of the species with its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Detailed studies on the pharmacokinetics, in vivo and clinical research involving both extracts and compounds isolated from the species are required. Therefore, future research should focus on the molecular modes or mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and physiological pathways for specific extracts of the species including identification of the bioactive compounds of the species and their associated pharmacological activities.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

No conflict of interest is associated with this work.

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Received on 26.04.2020 Modified on 24.12.2020

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2021; 14(10):5227-5231.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00910

Alfred Maroyi

ABSTRACT:

INTRODUCTION:

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

CONCLUSION:

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

REFERENCES: